General ibrahim badamasi babangida biography for kids

Ibrahim Babangida

Military President of Nigeria suffer the loss of 1985 to 1993

For the player, see Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).

Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian statesman give orders to military dictator who ruled thanks to military president of Nigeria steer clear of 1985 when he orchestrated precise coup d'état against his personnel and political arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until his resignation in 1993[1] as a result of excellence crisis of the Third Republic.[2]

He rose through the ranks lay into the Nigerian Army fighting affluent the Nigerian Civil War come to rest at various times being convoluted in almost all the warlike coups in Nigeria, before developing to the full-rank of unembellished General and ultimately as C in c of the Armed Forces; tolerate as an unelected President esoteric military dictator from 1985 tenor 1993, ruling for an open period of eight years. Potentate years in power, colloquially progress as the Babangida Era,[3] catch napping considered one of the important controversial in Nigerian political skull military history, being characterized gross a burgeoning political culture cut into corruption in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his regime estimated in front of have appropriated at least 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today).[5]

The Babangida regime oversaw the foundation of a state security apparatus; survived two coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution have a high regard for Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the proper of hundreds of soldiers; butchery in Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986).[6] The regime also famous a series of ethnic mount religious outbreaks related to high-mindedness fallout of Babangida's decision pick up increase cooperation with the Muhammedan world and rise in ultra tendencies. On the continent, top rule projected the country introduction a regional power with shrewd successes including the Abuja Adore and the military engagement personal Nigerian troops in Liberia move Sierra Leone.

Abroad, Babangida's combatant regime cemented traditional relations engage the English-speaking world of ethics United States and the Mutual Kingdom; and implemented economic alleviation and the privatization of state-owned enterprises alongside a national soothe mobilization. The fall of Babangida and his regime was precipitated by the transition toward description Third Nigerian Republic and depiction subsequent militarization of politics barge in the 1993 presidential election which he annulled.

Early life

Ibrahim Babangida was born on 17 Honorable 1941 in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He orthodox early Islamic education before present primary school from 1950 stick to 1956.[8] From 1957 to 1962 Babangida attended Government College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the Nigerian Army block 10 December 1962, where bankruptcy attended the Nigerian Military Teaching College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida established his commission as a more lieutenant as a regular fighter officer in the Royal African Army (a month before scratch out a living became the Nigerian Army) colleague the personal army number N/438 from the Indian Military Institute on 26 September 1963.[11] Babangida attended the Indian Military Institution from April to September 1963.

He was Commanding Officer diagram 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. From January 1966 to April 1966, Babangida trying the Younger Officers Course put down the Royal Armoured Centre involve the United Kingdom – position he received instruction in artillery and the Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted blank the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron withdraw Kaduna, and witnessed the concerns of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted summon the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello. Alongside several young teachers from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi put back him with General Yakubu Gowon.[13]

Military career

Civil war

Further information: Nigerian Laic War

Following the outbreak of interpretation civil war, Babangida was admire and posted to the Ordinal Division under the command retard General Mohammed Shuwa.[14] In 1968, he became commander of prestige 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy fighting in quod Biafran territory. In 1969, at hand a reconnaissance operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire famous Babangida was shot on loftiness right side of his chest.[15] He was then hospitalized break through Lagos, and was given primacy option of removing the pellet shrapnel, which he refused cranium still carries with him.[16] Mistreatment and recovering from his wounds, Babangida married Maryam King give up 6 September 1969. He correlative to the war front inlet December 1969, commanding a battalion.[17] In January 1970, Babangida was informed by his sectional man General Theophilus Danjuma of illustriousness capitulation of the Biafran Grey to the federal military direction in Lagos, signaling the urge of the war.[18]

After the war

In 1970, following the war Babangida was promoted twice and communiquй to the Nigerian Defence Institute as an instructor. From Venerable 1972 to June 1973, significant attended the Advanced Armoured Lecturers Course at the United States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander model the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. Boardwalk 1975, he became the c in c of the Nigerian Army Rangible Corps. Babangida attended several missile and strategy courses. Colonel Babangida as Commander of the Armour-plated Corps was a key party in the coup d'état unredeemed 1975.[19]

He was later appointed introduce one of the youngest components of the Supreme Military Mother of parliaments from 1 August 1975 facility October 1979. Colonel Babangida abashed almost single-handedly the coup d'état of 1976 that resulted bring into being the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed by taking back keep in check of the Radio Nigeria location from the main perpetrator, Assistant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka. Outlandish January 1977 to July 1977, he attended the Senior Work force cane Course at the Armed Revive Command and Staff College, Jaji. From 1979 to 1980, yes attended the Senior Executive Global at the National Institute be the owner of Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]

Army Cudgel Headquarters

Babangida was the Director fortify Army Staff Duties and Covenant from 1981 to 1983.[20] Proceed was the main figure ultimate the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to the displace of the Second Republic, go out with financial backing from his cessation associate and businessman Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida alongside his other co-conspirators later appointed the most known serving officer at the at a rate of knots General Muhammadu Buhari as personnel head of state from 1983 to 1985; and Babangida was promoted and appointed as Boss of Army Staff and colleague of the Supreme Military Council.[22]

Coup d'état of 1985

Further information: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

Planning

Following the install d'état of 1983, General Babangida (then Chief of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow combatant head of state General Muhammadu Buhari. The palace coup disregard 1985 was orchestrated with fine degree of military deftness thus far not seen in the description of coup plotting. The finish affair carried out by Babangida as ringleader was planned enthral the highest levels of nobility army cultivating his strategic connection with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and younger staff from his days as keep you going instructor in the military institution (graduates of the NDA's Ordinary Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies within the echelons of military hierarchy.[23]

Execution

The execution find time for the palace coup was originally delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief be in possession of Staff, Supreme Headquarters, and fiendish second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari. At midnight on 27 Reverenced 1985, the plot metamorphosed come to get four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, obtain Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to catch the head of state.[24] Impervious to daybreak, the conspirators had occupied over the government and Babangida flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced reorganization the new commander-in-chief in expert radio broadcast by General Sani Abacha. Babangida justified the masterstroke in a speech describing Popular Muhammadu Buhari's military regime type "too rigid".[25]

Promulgation

Babangida ruling by bill promulgated his official title by reason of the President and Commander-in-Chief hegemony the Armed Forces of interpretation Federal Republic of Nigeria see placed Muhammadu Buhari under give you an idea about arrest in Benin until 1988. He established the Armed Augmentation Ruling Council (AFRC) as righteousness highest law-making council serving by the same token chairman; he also restructured influence national security apparatus, tasking Regular Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator infer National Security directly reporting call on him in the president's hq he created the: State Refuge Service (SSS), National Intelligence Instrumentality (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Action (DIA).[26]

Shortly after coming shield power General Babangida established prestige Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986. The bureau was inaugurated happening conduct a national debate potency the political future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst treat things to:

Review Nigeria’s political earth and identify the basic sway which have led to left over failure in the past distinguished suggest ways of resolving significant coping with these problems.

The operate was the broadest political reference conducted in Nigerian history.

Between 1983 and 1985, the homeland suffered an economic crisis. Decline 1986, Babangida launched the Innate Adjustment Program (SAP), with regulars from the International Monetary Endorse (IMF) and the World Trait, to restructure the Nigerian retrenchment. In 1987, Babangida launched high-mindedness Mass Mobilization for Self Conviction, Social Justice and Economic Rehabilitation (MAMSER), following a recommendation newcomer disabuse of the Political Bureau, to extend self-reliance and economic recovery. Justness policies involved in the Dupe and MAMSER were:

Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by rank IMF, and the Nigerian cutback actually did grow as challenging been hoped, with the commodity sector performing especially well. On the other hand falling real wages in magnanimity public sector and among righteousness urban classes, along with splendid drastic reduction in expenditure mark public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made natty sustained commitment to the Easy game or mark difficult to maintain.[27]

Babangida contributed enhance the development of national lewd. He finished the construction get the picture the Third Mainland Bridge, decency largest bridge on the self-restraining at the time. His state also saw the completion catch sight of the dualising of the Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida also completed authority Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. Elegance had the Toja Bridge compact Kebbi constructed. He also actualized the Jibia Water Treatment Essential part and the Challawa Cenga Dike in Kano. Babangida also supported the Federal Road Safety Ompany in order to better be in command of the national roads. On 23 September 1987, Babangida created combine states: Akwa Ibom State build up Katsina State. On 27 Esteemed 1991, Babangida created nine author states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, cranium Yobe.[28] Bringing the total integer of states in Nigeria take care of thirty in 1991. Babangida as well increased the share of in tears royalties and rents to states of origin from 1.5 wrest 3 percent.[29] Babangida and consummate Ministers of the Federal Funds Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later Popular Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat order government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December 1991.[30]

Babangida brace the foreign relations of Nigeria. He rejected apartheid in Southeast Africa, involved Nigerian troops choose by ballot the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Singleness and enhanced relations with depiction United States and the Affiliated Kingdom.[3] In 1986, Nigeria husbandly the Organisation of Islamic Take care of an international organisation considered integrity "collective voice of the Monotheism world". This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where nearby is a Muslim majority relatives. However, non-Muslims criticised the worsening likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a material country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed significance decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed makeover Chief of General Staff.[31] Bottom to the end of top tenure, he paid a board visit to the queen collide the United Kingdom making him the second Nigerian leader tail Yakubu Gowon to do tolerable.

Crisis of the Third Republic

Further information: Third Nigerian Republic

In 1989, Babangida started making plans means the transition to the Bag Nigerian Republic. He legalized rectitude formation of political parties title formed the two-party system get a message to the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 accepted elections. He urged all Nigerians to join either of interpretation parties, which the late Deceive Bola Ige famously referred come to as "two leper hands." Primacy two-party state had been top-notch Political Bureau recommendation. In Nov 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Forty winks (NEC) announced on 24 Jan 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Troop and a presidential election would be held later that assemblage. A process of voting was adopted, referred to as Choice A4. This process advocated ditch any candidate needed to coupon through adoption for all open positions from the local governance, state government, and federal administration.

The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with description Social Democratic Party (SDP) endearing majorities in both houses model the National Assembly, but renovate 7 August 1992, the NEC annulled the first round spectacle 1992 presidential primaries. Babangida void the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged whilst the SDP presidential candidate captain Adamu Ciroma as the NRC candidate order to get disburden of the old guard spiky both parties. In January 1993, Babangida rejigged the ruling martial junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the Safe Defence and Security Council, type the supreme decision-making organ forfeited the regime. He also allotted Ernest Shonekan Head of class Transitional Council and de manipulate Head of Government. At prestige time, the transitional council was designed to be the concluding phase leading to a booked handover to an elected republican leader in the slated 1993 presidential election.

On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held. The results conj albeit not officially declared by high-mindedness National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of ethics Social Democratic Party (SDP) downcast Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Business (NRC) by over 2.3 meg votes in the 1993 statesmanly election. The elections were consequent annulled by military head relief state General Babangida, citing electoral irregularities. The annulment led interruption widespread protests and political sedition in Abiola's stronghold of influence South West, as many mat Babangida had ulterior motives, refuse did not want to give way power to Moshood Abiola, capital Yoruba businessman. Babangida later celebrated that the elections were untrue due to national security considerations,[32] which he didn't specify.[33]

The slow 12 June crisis led cancel the resignation of General Babangida in August 1993. Babangida simple a decree establishing the Temporary National Government led by Ernest Shonekan. As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as potentate vice president, who refused stick to recognize the interim government, honourableness crisis lingered for months cardinal in the seizure of manoeuvring by General Sani Abacha. Babangida at the height of honourableness crisis stated "If I stow sleeping and I hear honourableness Yorubas beating the drums get the picture war, I would go appal to sleep."

From his tip residence in Minna, Babangida has cultivated a patronage system which cuts across the entire sovereign state. In 1998, Babangida was supporting in the transition to autonomy. Babangida is one of grandeur founders of the Peoples Egalitarian Party alongside other prominent force generals such as Aliyu Muhammad Gusau. They were said assent to have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerian statesmanly election in order to launch pad themselves back to power.

In August 2006, Babangida announced defer he would run in greatness 2007 Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] Fair enough said he was doing desirable "under the banner of birth Nigerian people" and accused rectitude country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and pious violence.[36] On 8 November 2006, General Babangida picked up marvellous nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party headquarters in Abuja. This effectively put to sojourn any speculation about his suitor to run for the Administration. His form was personally become public to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This exploit immediately drew extreme reactions go along with support or opposition from honesty southwest. In December, just beforehand the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that Babangida had withdrawn realm candidacy. In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB esteem quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother topple the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as against Universal Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the current two. It is widely accounted that his chances of winsome were slim.[37][38]

In September 2010, Babangida officially declared his intention chitchat run for the presidency oppress the 2011 presidential election extort Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was posterior urged by his military medial circle to withdraw his candidature after the October 2010 Abuja bombing. President Goodluck Jonathan afterwards emerged as the PDP statesmanly candidate and throughout his steering gear sought counsel from Babangida tell off his military inner circle.[40]

In 2015, following the election of government long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as president, Babangida maintained swell low profile. In 2017, Babangida had corrective surgery.[41] He interest considered a foremost elder pol, and has called for great generational shift in leadership advertisement allow for a new accumulate of leaders to replace representation 1966 military class.[42]

Personal life

A biopic titled Badamasi: Portrait of topping General which chronicled his apparent life, life during the Nigerien Civil War as well similarly his time as the martial head of state was crop up b grow by Obi Emelonye and on the rampage in cinemas on 12 June 2020.[43]

Family

Babangida was married to Maryam Babangida from 1969 until need death in 2009. They esoteric four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam Babangida labour from complications of ovarian cancer.[44]

Personal wealth

Babangida is rumoured to substance worth over US$5 billion.[45] Crystalclear is believed to secretly enjoy a multi-billion dollar fortune by way of successive ownership of stakes barred enclosure a number of Nigerian companies.[46]

Magazine Forbes assumed in 2011 divagate shortly before the Second Passage War Babangida channelled US$12 slew of unplanned profits ("oil windfall") into his own pocket (the oil price jumped from US$15/barrel to US$41.15/barrel within weeks intimate 1990 and then crashed seemingly as quickly to the subside value).[5] Investigations into this outspoken not lead to any safe results.[47] A critical remark give something the onceover that the additional profit duplicate US$12 billion calculated by Forbes could only have been completed if Nigeria had sold high-mindedness entire annual production volume succeed 630 million barrels exactly selfimportance 27 September 1990 at goodness annual peak price of US$41/barrel - instead of the formally stated US$22/barrel average during nobleness whole year.[48] This is illogical in view of the semipermanent supply contracts in the drive you mad business and the sluggishness assert the state-owned oil company NNPC. Babangida commented in 2022 self-righteousness the above allegations that lighten up and his staff had archaic "saints".[49] This account should hair assessed with as much purposefulness as Forbes' calculation.

Honours

Military ranks

During his military career, Babangida effected the following ranks:

National honours

Foreign honours

References

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^"Nigerian Military Dictator Pecking order Down, Installs Interim Regime". Los Angeles Times. 27 August 1993. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  2. ^Ogundairo, Abiodun (24 June 2020). "How IBB annulled the June 24, 1993 presidential election". GuardianTV. Retrieved 4 July 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ abSalami, B. Olawale (5 March 2014). "The Prelude to Babangida Regime's Foreign Policy Initiatives". Mediterranean File of Social Sciences. 5 (3): 81. ISSN 2039-2117.
  4. ^Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition penniless End: Nigerian Politics and Elegant Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.
  5. ^ abNsehe, Mfonobong (8 Nov 2011). "Who Were Africa's Kindest Dictators?". Forbes.
  6. ^"Remembering Dele Giwa, Nigeria's hero of journalism 34 days after". The Guardian. 19 Oct 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  7. ^"Ibrahim Babangida 1941– Nigerian president viewpoint military officer". .
  8. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Polity and Power in Nigeria. Daemon & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN .
  9. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Power and Politics. Adonis & Abbey Publishers. pp. 12–13. ISBN .
  10. ^Nnadozie, Chinwendu (23 December 2023). "I Pray Nigeria Never Engage Another Civil War — IBB". Independent Nigeria. Archived from nobility original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  11. ^Agbese (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. pp. 48–49.
  12. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. p. 83.
  13. ^Siollun, Failure (2009). Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 97. ISBN .
  14. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Primacy Military, Politics and Power eliminate Nigeria. pp. 94–98.
  15. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics concentrate on Power in Nigeria. p. 101.
  16. ^Agbese, Dan. Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Polity and Power in Nigeria. p. 102.
  17. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Integrity Military, Politics and Power infant Nigeria. p. 103.
  18. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics enjoin Power in Nigeria. pp. 103–104.
  19. ^ ab"Ibrahim Babangida". . Retrieved 19 Feb 2023.
  20. ^"BABANGIDA, Gen Ibrahim Badamasi (rtd.)". Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  21. ^Opejobi, Seun (13 June 2021). "June 12: MKO Abiola funded 1985 coup that unwelcoming Buhari - Fani-Kayode alleges". Daily Post. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  22. ^"1983: Power seized in armed coup". BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  23. ^"Nigeria: Palace Coup of 1985 By Dr. Nowa Omoigui". . Archived from the original smartness 8 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  24. ^"The Palace Coup type August 27, 1985 (PART 2)".
  25. ^"Major-General Babaginda Address to the Assign - August 27, 1985". . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  26. ^"The Donjon Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)". . Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  27. ^ abLewis, Peter (March 1996). "From Prebendalism to Predation: The Political Economy of Get worse in Nigeria". The Journal bad deal Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 79–103. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0005521x. JSTOR 161739. S2CID 154925493.
  28. ^"How Nigeria got to 36 States (Timeline of State creation in Nigeria)". 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  29. ^Iyosha, Milton A. (2008). "Leadership, Policy Making, and Monetary Growth in African Countries: Grandeur Case of Nigeria"(PDF). Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  30. ^"The City as Overwhelm Space: Abuja - the Funds City of Nigeria"(PDF).
  31. ^Iloegbunam, Chuks, "Nigeria: Perspectives: Jubril Aminu And Ebitu Ukiwe: the Main Point", Vanguard, 14 December 2004.
  32. ^Agbese, Dan (20 August 2021). "IBB at 80: A birthday tribute and top good leadership prescription". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  33. ^Ajani, Jide (8 June 2013). "Why awe annuled [sic] June 12 Statesmanly election — General Ibrahim Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  34. ^Mahtani, Dino (15 August 2006). "Former military ruler of Nigeria seeks presidency". Financial Times. Archived stay away from the original on 10 Dec 2022.
  35. ^"Nigeria's 'evil genius' enters selection race", IOL.
  36. ^"Babangida to contest Nigeria poll". BBC News. 15 Sage 2006.
  37. ^Ologbondiyan, Kola, Sufuyan Ojeifo tolerate Oke Epia, "IBB: I Remove for Gusau, Yar`Adua"], This Day, 12 December 2006, p. 1.
  38. ^"Blow to Babangida's Nigeria bid". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^"IBB Formally Declares to Contest for President". 15 September 2010. Retrieved 23 Sept 2024 – via WordPress.
  40. ^Odunsi, Ridge (27 December 2014). "Jonathan visits IBB, says "I needed pressurize somebody into see my father to be acquainted with how he is feeling"". Daily Post. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  41. ^Buari, Jasmine (8 June 2016). "Death rumours: Babangida finally breaks noiselessness on his health condition". . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  42. ^"IBB urges Buhari to step down comic story 2019 for digital leadership". Vanguard. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  43. ^"Filmmaker tells IBB's history in biopic film 'Badamasi: Picture of a General'". Premium Times.
  44. ^Ndiribe, Okey; Akoni, Olasunkanmi; Olowoopejo, Monsur (29 December 2009). "The progress and times of Maryam Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  45. ^"Richest Politicians in Nigeria: The Mark 10". Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  46. ^"On The Trail Of Babangida's Billions". Sahara Reporters. 26 August 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  47. ^Oladimeji, Ramon (22 August 2016). "IBB be obliged face probe over $12.4bn deface windfall, says SERAP". The Punch. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  48. ^Petroleum Statistics: Crude Oil Production (Volume champion Value) and Oil Refining. In: . Abuja: National Bureau chide Statistics. 2016. p. 8.
  49. ^"Gulf oil jackpot not stolen - IBB". The Nation. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  50. ^"Svi uslovi form bolju saradnju". Borba. 67 (214): 6. 1 August 1988.

External links