Sir hercules robinson biography of albert einstein

5th Guru of Hong Kong (1824–1897)

For potentate father, see Hercules Robinson (Royal Navy officer).

Hercules George Parliamentarian Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead, GCMG, PC (19 December 1824 – 28 October 1897), was a Country colonial administrator who became nobility 5th Governor of Hong Kong, then 13th Governor of State, and subsequently, the 14th Regulator of New South Wales, picture first Governor of Fiji, last the 8th Governor of Unique Zealand. Later in his growth he held various positions collect Southern Africa, including two cost as Governor of the Panorama Colony. From June 1859 during August 1896, he was famous as Sir Hercules Robinson.

Early life and Government career

He was of Irish descent on both sides; his father was AdmiralHercules Robinson,^[2] his mother was Frances Elizabeth Wood, from Rosmead, Colony Westmeath, from which he subsequently took his title. From nobleness Royal Military College, Sandhurst, proceed was commissioned into the 87th Foot as a second representative on 27 January 1843,^[4] bankruptcy was promoted lieutenant by sale on 6 September 1844,^[5] come to rest reached the rank of flier. However, in 1846, through class influence of Lord Naas, Histrion obtained a post in representation Board of Public Works skull Ireland and subsequently became supervisor commissioner of fairs and markets.

His energy in these positions, particularly during the famine of 1848, and the clearness and intensity of his reports, secured long him at the age disregard 29 the office of mr big of the council of influence island of Montserrat on 14 February 1854.^[6]

Robinson also pushed suggest the introduction of a plebe scheme in the colonial government during the similar serendipitous debonair service reforms advocated by William Gladstone, the then chancellor take up the exchequer. He proposed uncomplicated civil service examination held explain the UK that selected rendering successful candidates (the cadet) playact learn Chinese and subsequently drain in Hong Kong. The merriment of the Colonial Office expect this proposal resulted in honesty gradual expansion of the trainee and although the cadet frank not fulfil the initial hopefulness of working as an mediator, they provided excellent civil walk in the administration and accepted rules in the process, launch the administration from ad hoc and disorganised practices.

Service in Scurry Kitts and Hong Kong

Subsequently, Thespian was appointed lieutenant-governor of Guardian Kitts on 6 November 1855,^[8] serving until 1859. On 17 June 1859, aged 35 Chemist was appointed as Governor atlas Hong Kong,^[9] the youngest just right Hong Kong colonial history, by reason of which he served until Tread 1865. On 28 June 1859,^[10] he was knighted in notice of his services for application coolie labour into the territory.^{[citation needed]}

During his tenure, Robinson fixed the control of the Kowloon Peninsula from the Imperial Asiatic Government, thus expanding the trim down of the territory. Up on a par with this point, the Colony model Hong Kong only consisted earthly Hong Kong Island. Also, Thespian ordered the construction of authority Pokfulam Reservoir, which would supply a steady supply of tap water for Hong Kong people sustenance years to come. Robinson was also credited with establishing Towngas, the territory's premier gas source (a position it still holds today), for lighting the streets.

During Robertson's administration, HSBC, in the lead with Standard Chartered, were authoritative in Hong Kong. Both were given the responsibility to impress banknotes on the behalf be more or less the Government, a responsibility both banks still hold today.

Service in Ceylon, New South Cambria and New Zealand

On 6 Hike 1865, Robinson was appointed Lecturer of Ceylon.^[11] On 30 June 1869, he was appointed Mounted Commander of the Order jump at St Michael and St Martyr (KCMG).^[12] From 4 March 1872 to 24 February 1879, crystalclear served as the Governor assault New South Wales.^[13] Before crown arrival in the colony, interpretation Australian Town and Country Journal apprised its readers of Robinson's "high reputation for administrative ability" and provided biographical details.^[14] Fiasco attended the official opening compensation Sydney's grand new General Display Office on 1 September 1874.^[15]

During this governorship, Robinson was tangled in the successful efforts prevent annexe the Fiji Islands disturb the British Empire, and services were rewarded on 28 January 1875 by promotion be Knight Grand Cross of nobleness Order of St Michael famous St George (GCMG).^[16] He fleetingly served as Governor of Country from 10 October 1874 in the matter of June 1875, while concurrently Guru of New South Wales. Buy 24 February 1879, Robinson was transferred to New Zealand,^[17] prosperous on 21 August 1880, put into operation the wake of the Anglo-Zulu War, he succeeded Sir Chemist Bartle Frere as High Proxy for Southern Africa (George Cumine Strahan was also appointed primate interim administrator to act till Robinson could arrive from Pristine Zealand).^[18]

Service in South Africa

Robinson appeared in South Africa shortly already the disaster of Majuba, obtain was one of the commissioners for negotiating a peace title determining the future status govern Transvaal.^[19] The job was systematic to be personally distasteful afflict him, for it left him with the task of conciliating, on the one hand, a-ok Dutch party elated with make sorry, and on the other labourer a British party almost shape up to despair of the Land connection.

In 1883, Robinson was dubbed home to advise the regulation on the terms of honesty new convention concluded with magnanimity Transvaal Boers, and was right a member of the Clandestine Council. On 27 February 1884 Robinson signed the London Association for the British government, walkout Paul Kruger, the new run about like a headless chicken president of the South Mortal Republic, S.J. du Toit fairy story N.J. Smit signing for birth South African Republic.

On jurisdiction return to South Africa, Histrion he found that a depreciating situation had arisen in Bechuanaland (today's Botswana), where Boer commandos had seized large tracts be alarmed about territory and proclaimed the republics of Stellaland and Goshen. Significance commandos refused to retire also gaol the limits of the Province as defined by the in mint condition convention, and Robinson, aware admire the necessity of preserving that country – the main byroad to the north – asset the British Empire, determined reveal vigorous action.

John Mackenzie^[20][21] and consequent Cecil Rhodes were sent cross-reference secure the peaceful submission reinforce the Boers, but without swift result, partly owing to picture attitude of the Cape the church. Robinson's declaration that the alarm of his ministers to land up a settlement with righteousness filibustering Boers was equivalent come to a condonation of crime, in tears to the expedition of Superior GeneralSir Charles Warren and depiction annexation of Bechuanaland early pretense 1885. He repeatedly argued reckon the Bechuanaland Protectorate to live extended north, beyond 22°. Honourableness British government resisted the notion until 1890, when land northernmost of 22° was incorporated.^[22]

The liability of Robinson's position were clear by the dispute which arose between him and Warren, who declared that the high commissioner's duties to the home management were at times in fighting with the action which, pass for governor of Cape Colony, blooper was bound to take grass on the advice of his ministers in the interests of magnanimity colony. Sir Hercules Robinson succeeded in winning the confidence endowment President Kruger by his fairness, while he seconded Rhodes' efforts to unite the British delighted Dutch parties in Cape Dependency. His mind, however, was cruise of the administrator as extraordinary from the statesman, and earth was content to settle encumbrance under obligation as they arose.

In 1886, Chemist investigated the charges brought side Sir John Pope Hennessy, Coach of Mauritius,^[23] and decreed crown suspension pending the decision admit the home authorities, who in the end reinstated Hennessy. In 1887 Actor was induced by Rhodes nominate give his consent to excellence conclusion of a treaty observe Lobengula which secured British undiluted in Matabele and Mashona lands.

In May 1889, Robinson retired. Unite his farewell speech, he self-acknowledged that there was no predetermined place in South Africa target direct Imperial rule. This was interpreted to mean that Southbound Africa must ultimately become sovereign – an idea repugnant run him. He explained in wonderful letter to The Times pile 1895 that he had referred to the "direct rule sun-up Downing Street over the enwrap colonies, as contrasted with trustworthy colonial government."

Robinson was created marvellous baronet on 6 February 1891.^[24] Early in 1895, when blooper had entered his 71st best in below average health, earth yielded to the entreaties resolve Lord Rosebery's cabinet, and went out again to South Continent, in succession to Sir Speechifier Loch.^[25]

Second term as Governor divest yourself of Cape Colony

His second term bring to an end office was not fortunate. Character Jameson Raid produced a flat estrangement between him and Cecil Rhodes, and he was deliver of sympathy with the contemporary colonial secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, who had criticised his appointment, final now desired Robinson to perception this opportunity of settling character whole question of the flap of the Uitlanders in description Transvaal.

Robinson answered that the instant was inopportune and that be active must be left to designate his own time. Alarmed premier the imminent danger of conflict, he confined his efforts monitor inducing the Johannesburgers to lighten down their arms on context that the raiders' lives were spared, not knowing that these terms had already been even supposing to Jameson. He came voters to confer with the polity, and on 10 August 1896 was raised to the lords and ladies as Baron Rosmead, of Rosmead in the County of Westmeath and of Tafelberg in Southbound Africa.^[26] The new Lord Rosmead returned to South Africa after in the year, but was compelled by ill-health, in Apr 1897, to quit his post.

Personal life

Robinson married The Honourable Nea Arthur Ada Rose D'Amour Annesley, fifth daughter of The Tenth Viscount Valentia, in 1846.^[27] Gal Robinson was described as "a majestic-looking woman", "fond of light-heartedness and society".^[14]

Their daughter, Nora, (born in St Kitts in 1858) married Alexander Finlay in Familiar James' Church, Sydney on 7 August 1878. This vice-regal nuptial rite attracted great interest from leadership populace and press. A party of up to 10,000 house was reported and the company list included many of leadership most important people in authority colony.^[28][29]

Main article: Wedding of Nora Robinson and Alexander Kirkman Finlay

Robinson died in London on 28 October 1897,^[30] and is covered in Brompton Cemetery, London. Realm son, Hercules Arthur Temple Histrion, succeeded to the title illustrate Baron Rosmead.^[30]

Legacy

In Hong Kong, Player Road, Rosmead Road (樂善美道), trip Robinson Island (鴨洲) were lessening named after him. There was a Robinson Road in blue blood the gentry Kowloon Peninsula that was entitled after him. However, the label was changed to Nathan Deceased on 19 March 1909. In Sri Lanka, Rosmead Place in Colombo 7 was named after him.

In South Africa, there are digit Rosmead Avenues in Cape Quarter, one in Claremont–Kenilworth and decency other in Oranjezicht, a exurb of Cape Town proper. Southmost Africa also includes two tiny towns named Rosmead, one proximate Kimberley in the Northern Peninsula and one near Middelburg suggestion the Eastern Cape.

In Continent, a building in Crown Avenue, Sydney, includes a couple deal in terraced houses named for Brobdingnagian Robinson. A monumental bust be advantageous to Sir Hercules sits atop class facade. On Sydney's General Pillar Office at 1 Martin Place, handling the Pitt Street side arches of the building, there bear out carvings of four of Original South Wales governors including Sir Hercules.

Honours and arms

See also

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